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Background: As the ongoing pandemic has triggered negative psychological effects and these negative effects have a role to play in affecting the quality of sleep, leading to sleep disorders. This demonstrates the need to implement the strategies which would be helpful in preventing and reducing the complications caused due to altered sleeping patterns. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the alteration in the sleep quality during pandemic. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based survey scheduled for a month was conducted in the students, office, and health-care workers. Questionnaire was based on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). This is a self-rated questionnaire which assesses sleep quality and disturbances over a 1-month time interval. The PSQI differentiates “poor” from “good” sleep by measuring seven components: Subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction over the past 4 weeks. Consent was obtained from all participants and participation was voluntary. Results: There was observed a decline in all the seven components of PSQI score, namely, subjective quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medications, and daytime dysfunction in COVID times as compared to the pre-COVID times. Conclusion: Pandemic has led to the alteration of the sleeping patterns and has led to decline in the sleep quality index.
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Background:The study aims to prove the efficacy of Homoeopathic Medicines in Dysmenorrhoea was conducted for 1½ year in the age of 14-45 years. Dysmenorrhoea is commonest complaint in females affecting half of females in the age of 11-45 years. It is one of the leading causes of periodic absentee in colleges and school. It incapacitates women in her day to day life1. It is defined as painful menstruation of uterine origin and is divided in two categories Primary and secondary. Primary begins typically during adolescences and there is no pelvic cause while secondary is uncommon during adolescences and results from pelvic origin. This article focuses on classification, pathology, clinical type and efficacy of homoeopathic medicines. The aim is to give a pain free menstruation to female thus improving quality of life in women. Material And Methods:A total of 20 patient were selected who complained of moderate to severe dysmenorrhoea for 1½ year with holistic approach according to model case proforma. Result:The study shows that in majority of cases there was no major cause for dysmenorrhoea 90% of cases responded well with Homoeopathic medicines where majority cases required PULSATILLA as a constitutional medicine, Mag Phosphoricum as an acute and Tuberculinum as intercurrent remedy. Among these,constitutional medicine acts more effectively.Conclusion:Thus it can be concluded that Homoeopathic medicines prove effective along with change in lifestyle, food habits and distress. Acute exacerbation can be controlled with acute medicines and anti miasmatic are required in stands still conditions. Potency can be 30 or 200 depending on susceptibility.
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Background:As there is controversy and disagreement with respect to treatment of Haemorrhoids adopted by conventional method due to inefficacy, relapse and complications are seen. It is most prevalent ailments and impacts the quality of life significantly. Haemorrhoids are enlarged, swollen veins around the anus externally or in lower rectum1. This study aim to access Role of Sulphur in Cases of Haemorrhoids as a constitutional2,3, medicine follow well2,3, anti miasmatic5,6. The Study showed near about 100% of cases responded to Sulphur4,5, thus proving effective role of Sulphur in Haemorrhoids. The study aim role of Sulphur in Haemorrhoids.Aminimum of 1 year and 15 to 70 yrs of age and six matched controls were included in the study. As there is controversy and disagreement with respect to treatment of Hamorrhoids adopted by conventional method due to inefficacy relapse and complications are seen. It is most prevalent ailments and impacts the quality of life significantly. Haemorrhoids are enlarged, swollen veins around the anus externally or in lower rectum1. Material And Methods:Here patients were subjected on clinical presentation and examination using standard scales measuring severity andanoscopy. The entire process was done using standard case research record with a follow up of minimum 3 months period. Result:Out of 30 patients screened, it was observed that 66.6% of affected patient were in age group of 25-40, 16.7% in 41-54. Males prevalency was present and in that 26.6% were service class, driver 13.3% and mechanics 13.3%. Showing occupation played a significant role. The study should 100% of cases responded to sulphur as a constitutional medicine in 23.3% cases, as a follows well cases in 60%. Conclusion:Hence we conclude that along with Homoeopthic medication used asconstitutional, follow well, Dietary corrections, correction of sedentary habits by exercise etc. Which are the predisposing factorsis alsomandatory.
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Objective Hypertension is the most important risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. There is limited data on hypertension prevalence in India. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of hypertension among Indian adults. Methods A national level survey was conducted with fixed one-day blood pressure measurement camps across 24 states and union territories of India. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mmHg or a diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg or on treatment for hypertension. The prevalence was age- and gender-standardized according to the 2011 census population of India. Results Blood pressure was recorded for 180,335 participants (33.2% women; mean age 40.6 ± 14.9 years). Among them, 8,898 (4.9%), 99,791 (55.3%), 35,694 (11.9%), 23,084 (12.8%), 9,989 (5.5%), and 2,878 (1.6%) participants were of the age group 18–19, 20–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65–74, and ≥ 75 years, respectively. Overall prevalence of hypertension was 30.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.5, 30.9) and the prevalence among women was 23.7% (95% CI: 23.3, 24). Prevalence adjusted for 2011 census population and the WHO reference population was 29.7% and 32.8%, respectively. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of hypertension, with almost one in every three Indian adult affected.
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Background: There are very few published studies of heart disease in HIV infected children. The incidence of cardiovascular disease reported among HIV infected children ranges from 72% to 90%. Cardiac disease was primary cause of death in 25% of HIV Positive patients. Studies carried out in Indian subcontinent have demonstrated the presence of systolic and diastolic dysfunction on 2D Echo in HIV infected patients. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, and describe the type of heart disease among children with HIV attending an ART centre in Gandhi hospital and centre of excellence Niloufer hospital in collaboration Department of Cardiology, Gandhi Hospital. Materials and methods: 100 HIV infected children in age group of 1-18 years attending an ART centre in Gandhi hospital and centre of excellence Niloufer hospital from December 2011 to August 2013 were evaluated clinically, and investigated by chest X-ray, electrocardiography and 2D-echo. Results: Heart abnormalities were detected in 48 children (43 by 2D-echo, 4 by ECG, 1 by chest Xray). The abnormalities included left ventricular systolic dysfunction (16%), left ventricular dilation (8%), left ventricular hypertrophy (11%), Pulmonary artery hypertension (11%), tricuspid regurgitation (14%) pulmonary regurgitation (4%), mitral regurgitation (4%), sinus tachycardia (4%), cardiomegaly on chest X-ray 1 of total 100 children taken for study. Conclusions: Heart abnormalities were common especially in HIV infected children. Clinical examination, chest radiograph and ECG may pick up manifest cardiac disease. Sub-clinical manifestations such as left ventricular dilatation hypertrophy and decrease systolic dysfunction can be detected only by echo cardiography. Annual echography and ECG examination is recommended to evaluate the progression of cardiac disease and treat the same before it become irreversible in HIV infected children.
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The main objective of the present investigation was to improve dissolution efficiency and stabilize amorphous form of itraconazole (ITR) through formulation of ternary solid dispersion system (SDs) with polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) and sylysia®350 using spray drying technique. The prepared ternary SD system was characterized for solid state properties, in vitro dissolution efficiency and accelerated stability study at 40 °C/75% RH for the period of 3 months to explore extent of stabilization of amorphous itraconazole (AITR). Surprisingly, AITR was found to have no significant improvement in its dissolution characteristics compared to pure drug. The formation of cohesive supercooled liquid state might be the reason for poor solubility. Hence a combined approach of SD system with an antiplasticizing agent and surface adsorption technique was employed to prevail over functional inabilities of AITR. The binary and ternary SDs of AITR were prepared employing PVP K30 as antiplasticizer and/or sylysia®350 as adsorbent in the ratio 1:1:1 w/w using spray drying technique. The prepared systems have shown significant improvement in dissolution characteristics when compared to pure drug. Accelerated stability studies confirmed the absence of crystallization events over a period of 3 months endorsing excellent stabilization of AITR.
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Background: An increasing number of HIV infected children have been reported as spread of HIV in adults are showing increasing trend in India. We reported the clinical manifestation, laboratory parameters and follow up of these children. Aim: To study the clinical profile follow up of paediatric patients admitted with HIV in the age gruop18 months to 13 years for a period of 1 year. Materials and methods: This Prospective study was conducted at tertiary care centre at Gandhi Hospital in association with ART centre, Ganhi Hospital, Secunderabad over a period of one year (January 2013 - December 2013). Over 100 consecutive patients suspected and later confirmed by TRIDOT & HIV EIA COOMB were included in the study after obtaining written consent from guardian of the patients. A detailed history, thorough clinical examination and laboratory investigations were carried out. ART & ATT therapy were given according to guidelines and followed up. Results: Of the 100 cases, 55 were males and 45 were females. Immunization status of these children included 20%completely immunised, 52% partially immunized and unknown in 28. Clinical manifestation like, anemia was seen in 95 cases, 91 cases had PEM with 47.25% were in gr 4, PGL (38), fever (36), respiratory (28), diarrhoea (15). Less commonly seen were CNS and chronic Gummadivandanaushasree, Sreenivasaiah Bharathi, Jampalavenkateshwar Rao. Clinical profile and follow-up of HIV infection in pediatric age group beyond 18 months up to 13 years at tertiary level hospital. IAIM, 2016; 3(10): 125-138. Page 126 ottorhea. Most common opportunistic infections were tuberculosis (16) and candidiasis (16) with giardiasis (3) and herpes zoster (2). Of the 100 cases enrolled, 11 were lost to follow up and 3cases died. Mean weight gain after 6 months 1.6 SD and 2.8 SD at 12 months. On laboratory investigations 95 cases had Hb <2SD, 21 had mantoux positive (>5 mm), abnormal chest X-ray in 23 cases. Conclusion: Most children were in the age group of 1-5 years with mean age of presentation of 5.5 years. Mild bias towards male patients is noted. Perinatal mode is the only mode of transmission, no other modes noted. Most of the children presented to us in a partially immunized status and others’ status was not known. Common presentations - PEM, anemia, skin manifestations, nutritional deficiencies, prolonged fever, systemic manifestations – PGL; respiratory infections like pneumonia, TB; chronic diarrhoea. CNS manifestations were uncommon and renal problems, malignancies were not noted in our study. Amongst opportunistic infections, TB involving various organs and candidiasis were seen in maximum number of patients. Our study concluded that administration of nevirapine based ART regimes for HIV-1 infected children is feasible in resource limited settings. There was improvement in growth parameters with the use of this therapy and prevention of deterioration in immune status.
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Neonatal septicemia is defined as a bacterial infection documented by a positive blood culture in the first 4 weeks of life. The clinical symptoms and signs are non specific and vague. So it is important to make diagnosis and to start treatment as early as possible to prevent serious morbidity and mortality caused by non-treatment or late treatment of septicemia. This study was conducted for a period of 3 years. 200 neonates under the age of 28 days were studied to find out hematological parameters including sepsis screen, hematological scoring system and serum procalcitonin levels in neonates suspicious of sepsis. We concluded that, though blood culture is a gold standard for the diagnosis of sepsis, combined use of sepsis markers increases the diagnostic accuracy in suspected cases and simultaneously prevents over treatment of clinically suspicious cases.
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A 3-month old male child weight 3.2 kg presented was with anaemia (Hb 3.1 mg/dl) and massive hepatospleenomegaly. His respiratory and CVS systems were normal. Osmatic fragility and G6PD spot test were normal. Hb electrophoresis showed HbA-86.02%, HbF 2.8% and HbA2 3.9%. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy showed typical Gaucher cells. This case was diagnosed as an infantile Gaucher's disease.
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Aim: A new reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the quantitative determination of Esomeprazole and Naproxen in human plasma was developed and validated as per US-FDA guidelines. Methodology: The drug was spiked in the plasma and extracted with mobile phase by precipitation method. The extracted analyte was injected into Symmetry C18 (4.6 x 150mm, 5μm, Make: XTerra) or equivalent, maintained at ambient temperature and effluent was monitored at 285nm. The mobile phase was composed of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and acetonitrile [HPLC Grade] in the ratio of 60:40. The pH of the potassium buffer was adjusted to 3.0 by using Ortho Phosphoric Acid. The flow rate was maintained at 1.0 mL/min. Results: The developed method shows high specificity for Esomeprazole and Naproxen. The calibration curve for Esomeprazole and Naproxen was linear from 1.0 to 6.0 ppm (r2= 0.999) and 25.0 to 150.0 ppm (r2= 0.999) respectively. The inter-day and intra-day precision was found to be within limits. The proposed method was adequate sensitivity, reproducibility, and specificity for the determination of esomeprazole and naproxen in plasma. The Lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for the drug Esomeprazole and Naproxen were found to be 0.04μg/ml and 0.4μg/ml respectively. The average percent recovery for the drugs Esomeprazole and Naproxen were found to be 98.97-99.84 & 99.80-100.95 respectively and reproducibility was found to be satisfactory. Conclusion: The proposed method was accurate, and precise for the quantification of Esomeprazole and Naproxen in the plasma. The proposed can also be used for routine analysis in quality control. The method was validated for parameters like selectivity, sensitivity, precision, intermediate precision, accuracy, linearity, recovery & stability. This RP -HPLC method is suitable for determining the concentration of Esomeprazole and Naproxen in plasma and it can applied for routine analysis for determination of the Esomeprazole and Naproxen from dosage form during pharmacokinetic study.
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Gum Arabic (GA) is known for its proabsorbent activity in normal intestine as well as in animal models of diarrhea. The aim of the study was to find the effect of GA on intestinal transport of water and possible route of absorption in frog everted gut sacs. D-Mannitol was used as a marker of paracellular transport to find the route of absorption. Everted gut sacs (n=4,5) were placed in Ringer containing GA (2.5 g/L) with or without D-Mannitol (0.5 g/L), incubated for 1 hour and analysed for change in weights of the sacs and D-Mannitol uptake. There was significant increase in uptake of water and D-Mannitol in the presence of GA compared to controls (P<0.05).Gum Arabic improves water uptake by the intestinal mucosa, possibly by opening the paracellular pathways.
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Del(5)(q) is a common chromosomal abnormality with favourable prognosis in Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) and Acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, del(5)(q) is also seen rarely in Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and its significance remains poorly understood. We present here, a case report of diagnosis of an adult 75 year old patient of ALL with a cytogenetic abnormality of del(5)(q32). His clinical features, morphology and immunophenotyping findings were suggestive of T-ALL. Relevant literature has been reviewed and discussed.
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Cimetidine is the selective H2 receptor antagonist and inhibits the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. In the present study, simple titrimetric method was developed. Respective quantities of Cimetidine were taken in aqueous methanol and acetic acid titrated against 0.1N hydrochloric acid and 0.1N perchloric acid using methyl orange and crystal violet as indicators for neutralization and non-aqueous titrations. All the titrations are carried out by running simultaneous blank determinations. The final titer values are subtracted from blank to get actual amount of acid consumed was determined. These methods were found to be sensitive and inexpensive, do not require any sample processing steps and can be utilized for estimation of cimetidine in bulk and formulations.
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Background: Several studies have reported the hypoglycemic property of Fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum), a commonly used condiment in Indian homes, due to its high dietary fiber content. Method: A total of 25 NIDDM patients were given control diets orally consisting of (i)milled rice(boiled rice),(ii) whole wheat (chapati) experimental diets consisting of (iii) boiled rice with fenugreek seed powder and (iv) chapati with fenugreek seed powder given on four consecutive days. Blood was collected at 0, 15, 30,45,60,90 and 120 minutes. Area under curve and glycemic index was calculated for both control and experimental diets. Results: The mean of area under curve of rice with fenugreek and wheat with fenugreek are significantly lower when compared with only rice and only wheat taken orally respectively. Further, the mean glycemic index was significantly lower when fenugreek was given 15 minutes before meal compared to fenugreek given along with meal. Conclusion: Fenugreek has a lowering effect on glycemic index when added to rice and wheat diets, due to delayed gastric emptying and increased intestinal transit time. In addition, fenugreek decreases glucose absorption and inhibits starch digestion due to presence of soluble fiber and galactomannans. Adding fenugreek to the diet of diabetes patients 15 minutes before the meal causes a significant reduction in glycemic index and is beneficial to NIDDM patients for long term control of their blood glucose levels and prevention of hyperglycaemia related complications.
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Frog aortic tissue exhibits plasma membrane electron transport (PMET) owing to its ability to reduce ferricyanide even in the presence of mitochondrial poisons, such as cyanide and azide. Exposure to hypotonic solution (108 mOsmol/ kg H 2 O) enhanced the reduction of ferricyanide in excised aortic tissue of frog. Increment in ferricyanide reductase activity was also brought about by the presence of homocysteine (100 μM dissolved in isotonic frog Ringer solution), a redox active compound and a potent modulator of PMET. Two plasma-membrane-bound channels, the volumeregulated anion channel (VRAC) and the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), are involved in the response to hypotonic stress. The presence of VRAC and VDAC antagonists–tamoxifen, glibenclamide, fl uoxetine and verapamil, and 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (DIDS), respectively–inhibited this enhanced activity brought about by either hypotonic stress or homocysteine. The blockers do not affect the ferricyanide reductase activity under isotonic conditions. Taken together, these fi ndings indicate a functional interaction of the three plasma membrane proteins, namely, ferricyanide reductase (PMET), VDAC and VRAC.
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In an attempt to see if frog blood vessels possess a plasma membrane electron transport system, the postcaval vein and aorta isolated from Rana tigrina were tested for their ability to reduce ferricyanide, methylene blue, and 2,6- dichloroindophenol. While the dyes remained unchanged, ferricyanide was reduced to ferrocyanide. This reduction was resistant to inhibition by cyanide and azide. Heptane extraction or formalin fi xation of the tissues markedly reduced the capability to reduce ferricyanide. Denuded aortas retained only 30% of the activity of intact tissue. Our results indicate that the amphibian postcaval vein and aorta exhibit plasma membrane electron transport.
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Background & objectives: Agents that increase the permeability of intestinal epithelium promote the absorption of nutrients by the gut. High calcium concentration in the gut has been shown to enhance passive transport of glucose in the rat intestine. An increase in the permeability of the intestinal epithelium may account for this observation. The present study was aimed at monitoring the permeability of intestine of rats fed high or low calcium diets. Methods: Everted intestinal sacs were used to study transports of substances across the gut. While radioactive and non radioactive calcium isotopes were employed to study the active transport and passive transport of calcium, transport of labelled mannitol was taken as a measure of passive permeability. Results: High calcium diet increased the passive transport of mannitol and calcium while decreasing the active transport of calcium by the everted gut sacs. Interpretation & conclusion: Passive mechanisms are enhanced by high calcium diet, while low calcium diet favours active transport. Calcium in the diet may be affecting intestinal transport.
Subject(s)
Animals , Calcium/metabolism , Calcium, Dietary/metabolism , Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology , Duodenum/anatomy & histology , Duodenum/metabolism , Ileum/anatomy & histology , Ileum/metabolism , Intestinal Absorption/physiology , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Male , Mannitol/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Interstitial cells of Cajal are responsible for rhythmic contractions of the musculature of the gastrointestinal tract and blood vessels.The existence of these cells and spontaneous rhythmicity were noticed in amphibian vein and the findings are reported in this paper.The postcaval vein was identified in the frog, Rana tigrina and was perfused with amphibian Ringer solution after isolation.Contractile activity was recorded through a tension transducer connected to a polygraph.The isolated postcaval vein showed spontaneous rhythmic activity. Addition of cold Ringer solution decreased, while warm Ringer increased, the rate of contraction. Adrenaline caused inhibition of rhythmic activity at a dosage that increased the rate of isolated sinus venosus.Sections of the postcaval vein,when stained supravitally with methylene blue, showed the presence of interstitial cells of Cajal. Photic stimulation of the vein in the presence of methylene blue led to a significant decrease in the rate of spontaneous beating of the vein.These findings indicate that the postcaval vein of frog is capable of inherent rhythmcity, which is dependent on the interstitial cells of Cajal but is independent of the sinus venosus.